Difference between revisions of "Sehali language"
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Revision as of 10:34, 25 May 2015
Sehali (Sehali: Sä̗hāli) [sjaħalγi] is a language spoken by reptilian people of the same name. Nomadic, the Sehali are known variously as raiders, traders, and slavers, although make their home mostly in the Miuxleb Plains, controlling major tradeways between the Copper Mountains and the Great East Plateau. Their articulators differ to some extent from humans, but not so greatly that their languages are unintelligible or unlearnable to one another.
Contents
Phonology
Sehali phonology revolves heavily around the alternation between palatalized, velarized, and pharyngealized consonants. These secondary articulations assimilate progressively throughout an utterance. The default articulation is presumed to be velar.
Consonants
| Grapheme | Palatalized | Velarized | Pharyngealized |
|---|---|---|---|
| B | /bj/ | /bγ/ | /bʕ/ |
| D | /dj/ | /dγ/ | /dʕ/ |
| DZ | /dzγ/ | /dzʕ/ | |
| DŽ | /dʑ/ | ||
| F | /ɸj/ | /ɸγ/ | /ɸʕ/ |
| G | /gj/ | /g/ | |
| Ġ | /ɣj/ | /ɣ/ | |
| G̱ | /ʡ/ | ||
| H | /h/ | ||
| H̱ | /ħ/ | ||
| J | /ʕ/ | ||
| K | /kj/ | /k/ | |
| L | /lj/ | /lγ/ | /ɫ/ |
| M | /mj/ | /mγ/ | /mʕ/ |
| N | /ɲ/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ |
| P | /pj/ | /pγ/ | /pʕ/ |
| Q | /qj/ | /q/ | /qʕ/ |
| R | /rj/ | /rγ/ | /rʕ/ |
| S | /sj/ | /sγ/ | /sʕ/ |
| Š | /ɕ/ | ||
| T | /tj/ | /tγ/ | /tʕ/ |
| TS | /tsγ/ | /tsʕ/ | |
| TŠ | /tɕ/ | ||
| W | /βj/ | /βγ/ | /βʕ/ |
| X | /xj/ | /x/ | |
| X̣ | /χj/ | /χ/ | /χʕ/ |
| Y | /j/ | ||
| Z | /zj/ | /zγ/ | /zʕ/ |
| Ž | /ʑ/ | ||
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Epiglottal | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Voiceless | Palatalized | pj | tj | kj | qj | ʔ | ||
| Velarized | pγ | tγ | k | q | |||||
| Pharyngealized | pʕ | tʕ | qʕ | ||||||
| Voiced | Palatalized | bj | dj | gj | |||||
| Velarized | bγ | dγ | g | ||||||
| Pharyngealized | bʕ | dʕ | ʡ | ||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | Palatalized | ɸj | sj | ɕ | xj | χj | h | |
| Velarized | ɸγ | sγ | x | χ | |||||
| Pharyngealized | ɸʕ | sʕ | χʕ | ħ | |||||
| Voiced | Palatalized | βj | zj | ʑ | ɣj | ||||
| Velarized | βγ | zγ | ɣ | ||||||
| Pharyngealized | βʕ | zʕ | ʕ | ||||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | Palatalized | tsj | tɕ | |||||
| Velarized | tsγ | ||||||||
| Pharyngealized | tsʕ | ||||||||
| Voiced | Palatalized | dzj | dʑ | ||||||
| Velarized | dzγ | ||||||||
| Pharyngealized | dzʕ | ||||||||
| Nasal | Palatalized | mj | ɲ | ||||||
| Velarized | mγ | n | |||||||
| Pharyngealized | mʕ | ŋ | |||||||
| Trill | Palatalized | rj | |||||||
| Velarized | rγ | ||||||||
| Pharyngealized | rʕ | ||||||||
| Approximant | Palatalized | lj | j | ||||||
| Velarized | lγ | ||||||||
| Pharyngealized | ɫ |
Vowels
Monophthongs
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Low | a | |
Sehali marks secondary articulation of consonants upon vowels. When Latinized, a diacritic above the vowel indicates that all consonants following that vowel are pronounced with the indicated secondary articulation. A diacritic below the vowel indicates that all consonants following and including the vowel preceding that vowel are pronounced with the indicated secondary articulation.
- Palatalization: ́a , ̗a
- Velarization: ̄a , ̠a
- Pharyngealization: ̈a , ̤a
Phonotactics
(C)V(C)
It is important to note that some consonants (DŽ, G̱, H̲, J, Š, TŠ, Y, Ž) can only be in certain environments (palatal, velar, pharyngeal). These remain phonemic and progressively assimilate their secondary articulation.
Grammar
Primarily VSO.
Number
- Duel suffix: ̤at
- Plural suffix: ̗iss
Case
- Genitive case prefix: äl
Definiteness and Deixis
Preposed particles:
- Indefinite: in
- Definite: la
- Proximal: di̤s
- Mesioproximal: di̗š
- Mesiodistal: da̤r
- Distal: dar
Verbs
Verbs are defined by roots. They are inflected by tense (past, present, future) and mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), and have many derivations.
- Passive voice preposition: wi
- Adjectival suffix: zi
Indicative Paradigm
| Past | Present | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (base) | wadmä (lived) | wadam (live) | wídam (will live) |
| 2 (nominal) | widma̤ġ (life) | ||
| 3 (causative) | mü̗wādma̤ (gave birth) | mü̗wdam (give birth) | dzṳwídam (will give birth) |
| 4 (dative) | ži̗wādma̤ (gave rise to) | ži̗wadam (give rise to) | ži̗widam (will give rise to) |
| 5 (reflexive) | äjwādma̤ (remembered) | äjwadam (remember) | äjwídam (will remember) |
| 6 (reciprocal) | uwa'ädmu (married) | uwdamu (marry) | uwídami (will marry) |
| 7 (cessative) | uxwudma̤l (died) | uxwudámli (die) | uxwídumli (will die) |
| 8 (terminative) | uxwüdmas (killed) | uxwüdams (kill) | uxwídums (will kill) |
Subjunctive Paradigm
| Past | Present | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (base) | änufla (burned) | anufal (burn) | aníflir (will burn) |
| 3 (causative) | ädzunifla (ignited) | adzunufal (ignite) | adzuníflir (will ignite) |
| 4 (dative) | ážinifla (set fire to) | ážinufal (set fire to) | ážiniflir (will set fire to) |
| 5 (reflexive) | g̱a'a'nifla (tortured) | g̱a'a'nūfal (torture) | g̱a'a'níflir (will torture) |
| 6 (reciprocal) | uwäniflaẖ (declared war) | uwanufalaẖ (declare war) | uwanífliryaẖ (will declare war) |
| 7 (cessative) | ax̣äniflal (burnt out) | ax̣anufálli (burn out) | ax̣anífliri (will burn out) |
| 8 (terminative) | ax̣anüflas (extinguish) | ax̣anüfals (extinguish) | ax̣anífulsi (will extinguish) |
Imperative Paradigm
| 1 (base) | šā̗päna (sail!) |
|---|---|
| 3 (causative) | di̗šāpäna (set sails!) |
| 4 (dative) | ážišāpäna (ship it!) |
| 5 (reflexive) | yá'šāpän (return!) |
| 6 (reciprocal) | ra̗šāpna̤ẖ (fly colours!) |
| 7 (cessative) | äg̱ášāpna̤la (full stop!) |
| 8 (terminative) | äg̱ášūpna̤s (sink it!) |
Lexicon
Pronouns
| 1s | āna |
|---|---|
| 1p | nä̠ẖnu |
| 2s | ānta |
| 2p | āntṳm |
| 3s.an | ẖṳwa |
| 3d.an | ẖṳmma |
| 3p.an | ẖṳm |
| 3s.in | sawa |
| 3d.in | samma |
| 3p.in | sam |
Numbers
Base-8.
| 1 | alā̗ |
|---|---|
| 2 | ba |
| 3 | ta |
| 4 | ẖa |
| 5 | xa |
| 6 | ra |
| 7 | za |
| 8 | lā̗m |
8s suffix: 'i
Prepositions
| abaft | istär |
|---|---|
| abeam | ismíd |
| aboard | ün |
| about | rūn |
| above | túp |
| across | usídža |
| afore | isbül |
| after | ārfit |
| against | g̱a̤stir |
| along | síd |
| amid | sāndit |
| aport | īlif |
| around | rud |
| astarboard | īriẖ |
| atop | buwa |
| before | ẖīn |
| behind | fur |
| below | lāġ |
| beside | asdi |
| between | yīnum |
| beyond | pasit |
| despite | buwin |
| down | dūn |
| except | bud |
| following | ifta |
| for | wir |
| from | fun |
| in | i |
| including | wïg̱in |
| inside | īnút |
| into | ín |
| like | sum |
| near | na̠ra |
| next | ifa |
| of | u |
| off | fur |
| on | pu |
| onto | til |
| opposite | mīrul |
| out | ut |
| outside | udpül |
| over | iwar |
| past | bíyun |
| since | dān |
| than | mil |
| through | du̗ral |
| to | a |
| toward | a'i |
| under | ūnal |
| underneath | ūnalpül |
| unlike | usum |
| until | tis |
| up | ap |
| upon | appu |
| via | wid |
| with | mad |
| without | umad |
Open Class
| English | Root-Form | Sehali |
|---|---|---|
| bountiful | xlb-3 | mū̗xlab |
| brave (adj) | ytr | yi̗tri̠ |
| burn (n) | nfl-1 | nufal |
| come (v) | sjx-1 | šï̗ju |
| live | wdm-1 | wadam |
| place (n) | bu | |
| oasis (n) | w'l | wu'la |
| sail (n) | špn-2 | ša̗pna̤ġ |
| sail (v) | špn-1 | ša̗pan |
| thank you (int) | gln-6 | uġā̗lnu |
| Uwasiq (n) | wsq | uwasiq |
| victory (n) | ksk | kasak |
| what (n) | xm | xam |
